QUANTIFIERS

QUANTIFIERS 

The quantifiers can be used before a noun 

Some/any             much/many           each/every            more/most

a little/little          a few/few               both                      fewer/less 

several                  all/no                     enough  

WITH COUNTABLE NOUNS

(not) many cigarettes, a few cars, few trees, fewer books, several answers.

WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 

(not) much luck, a little cheese , little experience , less time.

WITH BOTH

some money (eggs),(not) any water (friends), more/most wine (people), all/no work (children), enough food (apples).

Most of the quantifiers can be used without a noun. No, all, every and each cannot.

Do you have any money?        Not much/ a little/ enough

How many people came?        Very few

Mos of the quantifiers can be used with of + the/my/those etc.+ noun.No and every cannot.

They took all of my money.

Both of my children are smart.

For, no, and every, we use none is followed by a singular form.

None of the audience was listening.

In formal, written English, none is followed by a singular for of the verb.

None of the guests has arrived yet.

But informal English, a plural verb is possible.

None of my friends exercise.

NOTE
WHEN WE USE NONE WITH A PLURAL NOUN OR PRONOUN, THE VERB CAN BE SINGULAR OR PLURAL. GRAMMATICALLY, IT SHOULD BE SINGULAR, BUT PEOPLE OFTEN USE THE PLURAL WHEN THEY SPEAK.

SOME, ANY, SOMEBODY, ANYTHING 

Some is used in affirmative sentences and any in negative questions.
Some is used in requests or invitations, or when we expect the answer "yes".
Any used in affirmative sentences that have a negative meaning.
Any and its compound are used to express It doesn't matter which/who/where.

NOBODY, NO ONE, NOWHERE, NOTHING

These are more emphatic forms.
They can be used at the beginning of sentences.

MUCH, MANY, A LOT OF, LOTS OF, A GREAT DEAL OF, A LARGE NUMBER OF, PLENTY OF

Much and many are usually used in questions and negative.
We find much and many in affirmative sentences after so, as, and too.

SPOKEN/INFORMAL

Plenty of food/people (uncount and count)
Lost of time/friends  (uncount and count)
A lot of my furniture/things (uncount and count)

WRITTEN/MORE FORMAL

A great deal of money (uncount)
A large number of strikes (count)
Many world leaders (count)
Much time (uncount)

LITTLE, FEW, LESS, FEWER

A little and a few express a small amount or number in a positive way. Although there is only a little, it is probably enough.
Little and few express a small amount in a negative way.There is not enough.
Fewer is the comparative of few; less is the comparative of little.


All

We do not usually use all to mean everybody/everyone/everything.
  But if all is followed by a relative clause, it can mean everything.
  This structure can have a negative meaning, expressing ideas such as nothing more or only this.
Before a noun with a determiner (for example the, my,this) both all and all of are possible.
With personal pronoun we use all of.



PRACTICE
http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/quantifiers-quantity-exercises.html
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/mengen.htm
http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/quantifier.htm

REPORTED SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH
STATEMENT 

QUOTED SPEECH                          REPORTED SPEECH WITH THAT CLAUSES,                    IF/WHETHER CLAUSES,WH- CLAUSE AND INFINITIVE. 

"The report is on my desk"               She says (that) the report is on her desk. 

"Are you saying"                              He asked if I was staying.

"Where did you go"                          I asked where she had gone.

"Press the green button"                   He told me to press the green button.
"Don't press the red button"             He said not to press the red button.

Reported speech (also called indirect speech) has a reporting verb in the main idea clause (for example say or ask) followed by a noun clause or an infinitive.

TELL: is used to report statement. It is followed by a noun or pronoun and that clause. This noun or pronoun refers to the original listener.

He told me that he was late.

SAY: is also used to reported statement. Unlike tell, it is followed by a noun or pronoun.  

She said that he was late.

ASK: is used to report questions. It can be followed by a noun or pronoun. Say and tell are not used to reported questions.

She asked if it was time to leave.
She asked him if it was time to leave.

Reported speech often differs form quoted speech (also called direct speech) in tense, pronouns, and adverb.


PRESENT TENSE REPORTING

If the reporting verb (for example, say) is in the present tense, the tense in the that clause does not change from the tense of the original quotation.

QUOTED SPEECH                                   REPORTED SPEECH WITH THAT

"It is raining"                                              Joe says (that) it's raining.          

"It's going to rain"                                      Joe say (that) it's going to rain.

"It rained"                                                  Joe say (that) it rained.

PAST TENSE REPORTING

If the reporting verb (for example, said), the tense in the that clause often changes to a past for.

The modals should, ought to, and could do not change form in reported speech.

QUOTED SPEECH                                  REPORTED SPEECH WITH THAT

"I need a vacation"                                   I said (that) I needed vacation

"I'm working"                                          I said (that) I was working

"I left early"                                             I said (that) I'd left early

"I've finished"                                          I said (that)  I'd finished

"I'll see you later"                                    I said (that) I would see you later

"I'm going to win"                                   I said (that) I was going to win

"I can win"                                              I said (that) I could win

"I may leave"                                          I said (that) I might leave

"I have to try"                                         I said (that) I had to try

"I must take a vacation"                         I said (that) I had to take a vacation.

"I should stay"                                        I said (that) I should stay

"I ought to stay"                                     I said (that) I ought to stay

"I could stay"                                         I said (that) I could stay







PRACTICE

https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/?cc=global&selLanguage=en
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.report.p.htm
http://www.e-grammar.org/reported-speech/test1-exercise1/

NOUN CLAUSES

NOUN CLAUSES

There are different types of noun clauses: wh- clauses, if/whether clauses, and that clauses.

Noun clauses are dependent clauses that can occur in the same place as a noun or noun phrase in a sentences. All noun clauses have a subject and a verb.

WH- CLAUSE
Wh- clauses are sometimes called indirect questions or embedded questions. Although wh- clauses begin with wh- words, they use statement word order.

I wonder where he is.  I wonder where is he 

Use a question mark only if the main clause is a question.

Can you tell me what happened?

IF/ WHETHER CLAUSES
If/whether clauses are also sometimes called indirect questions or embedded questions.
They also use statement word order.

Do you know if you're coming with us.
Do you know if are you coming with us.

Or not can be added to the en of if/whether clauses if the clauses are not very long.

I wonder whether she left or not.

Or not can also immediately follow whether, but it can't follow if.

I wonder whether or not she left.

THAT CLAUSES

That can usually be omitted.




ENJOY TO PRACTICE 
http://www.k12reader.com/term/noun-clause/
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=noun-clause-from-wh-question
http://www.englishgrammar.org/noun-clause-exercise-2/



 

RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS

RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS

RESTRICTIVE AND NONRESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative clauses (restrictive and nonrestrictive) modify nouns (or noun phrases). They have subject and verb and cannot stand alone as complete sentences.

Relative clauses can be thought of as combination of two sentences.

Mia Hamm is an athlete. I admire her . = Mia Hamm is an athlete who I admire.

Restrictive clauses distinguish one noun from another. Nonrestrictive relative clauses add extra information about a noun and are separated by commas.

OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS 
When who,whom, which, or that is the object of a relative clause, it is an object relative pronoun.

In restrictive clauses who, whom, and that are used for people. Which and that are used for things and animals. In nonrestrictive clauses, who or whom is used for people and which is used for things.

Object relative pronouns are followed by a subject + verb (phrase). The verb agrees with he subject before it. It does not agree with the noun that the clause refers to.

Mia Hamm is an athlete who I admire a lot. 

Object relative pronoun can be omitted from restrictive relative clauses.

A swimmer who I know won a medal. = A swimmer ---- I know won a medal.

Object relative pronouns are never omitted from nonrestrictive relative clauses.

Do not repeat the object noun or pronoun in the relative clause.

 




PRACTICE
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/index.html
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses.html

RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS

RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH SUBJECT PRONOUNS

RESTRICTIVE AND NONRESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative clauses (also called adjective clauses) modify nouns (or noun phrases). There are two types of relative clauses: restrictive and nonrestrictive.

Restrictive relative clauses distinguish one noun from another.

I know the woman who works at Jones & Roe. I don't know the woman who works at Transco

Nonrestrictive relative clauses give extra information about a noun and are separated from that noun by commas. (In speech, pause signals the commas).

Sue Dunn, who works at Jones & Roe, won't wear a suit.

As with all clauses, relative clauses have a subject and verb. They are dependent clauses.They cannot stand alone as complete sentences.They must be attached to main clauses.

A relative clause can occur anywhere in a sentences but it must follow the noun it refers to.

I know a woman who works at Jones & Roe.
A woman who works at Jones & Roe won't wear a suit.

SUBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES
When who, which or that is the subject of a relative clauses, it is a subject relative pronoun.

In restrictive clauses, who and that are used for people. Which and that are used for things and animals.

In nonrestrictive clauses, who is used for people and which is used for things.

A subject relative pronoun is followed by a verb. The verb agrees with the noun that the subject relative pronoun refers to.
I know a man who works at National Bank.

A subject relative pronoun always has the same form, whether or not it refers to a singular noun
(a man) or a plural noun (men).

Sentences with subject relative pronouns can be thought of as a combination of two sentences.

I know a woman. She works there = I know a woman who works there.

Do not repeat the noun or pronoun in the relative clause.

      



LET'S GO AND PRACTICE 
http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/relative-clauses-english-exercises.html
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=872

Indefinite and definite article; nouns

INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES AND NOUNS

NOUNS
Common nouns can be count or noncount. 
Count nouns can be use with numbers. They have both singular and plural forms. 
Noncount nouns cannot be used with numbers. they do not have plural forms.
Common nouns that occur with an indefinite article or no article are infinite nouns 
Common nouns that occur with a definite articles are definite nouns.
 
COUNT NOUNS:

SINGULAR:(one) banana-(one) physician
PLURAL:(two) bananas-(two) physicians

NONCOUNT NOUNS:
Research
Soup

INDEFINITE ARTICLES  
Indefinite articles can occur before a singular count noun(an apple) or before and adjective + singular count noun(a green apple) 
Use an before words that begin with vowel sound; use a before all others.
 An apple
 A banana
If a noun begins with the letter "h" use an if the h is not pronounced. Use a if the h is pronounced.
 an hour/ an honor  
 a house/a human  
 If a noun begins with the letter "u" use an if the u is a short vowel. Use a if the u is pronounced like the y in yellow.
  an umbrella/an understanding 
  a unit/a utensil
Do not use indefinite articles before plural count nouns or noncount nouns.
Some and any often act like indefinite articles with plural count or noncount nouns. We often use some in affirmative sentences and questions and any in negative sentences and questions.
Indefinite articles, some, and any do not have o be repeated when nouns are combined with and. banana and (an) apple. some fruit and (some) cereal    
  
COUNT NOUNS:
  
SINGULAR:A/AN+SINGULAR COUNT NOUN-a banana/ an apple
PLURAL:---+ PLURAL COUNT NOUN| ---bananas/ --- apples
SOME/ ANY+PLURAL COUNT NOUN- some bananas/any apples

 NONCOUNT NOUNS

------ + NONCOUNT NOUN|----fruit
 SOME/ANY +NONCOUNT NOUN- any fruit/some fruit  

DEFINITE ARTICLES

The definite articles the can be used before all common nouns-sigular and plural count nouns and noncount nouns.

Definite articles can occur before a noun(the apple) or before and adjective + noun(the green apple).

Definite articles do not have to be repeated when nouns are combined with and  
COUNT NOUNS:

SINGULAR: THE + SINGULAR COUNT NOUN- the banana/the apple
PLURAL: THE+PLURAL COUNT NOUN-the bananas/the apples

NONCOUNT NOUNS: 

THE+NONCOUNT NOUNS: the fruit

Practice
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-articles.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-articles.php 
http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/articles-definite-indefinite-exercises.html